What defines external justification in the context of cognitive dissonance?

External justification in the context of cognitive dissonance refers to a reason that exists outside of the individual to explain or rationalize their behavior. This concept suggests that when someone's behavior conflicts with their beliefs or values, they experience discomfort, known as cognitive dissonance. To alleviate this discomfort, individuals may seek justification for their actions.

When external justification is present, it helps individuals reconcile their actions with their beliefs by attributing their behavior to external factors, such as social pressure or a requirement to conform, rather than to their own choices or values. This can occur, for instance, when someone engages in behavior they would typically find objectionable, but does so because they believe they were forced to do it by circumstances beyond their control. By relying on external justification, individuals can reduce the internal conflict they feel, without having to change their beliefs or attitudes.

In contrast, personal rationales or self-generated beliefs (mentioned in the other choices) rely more on internal reasoning and adjustment of one's own cognitive processes rather than an external factor. Therefore, the essence of external justification is rooted in the idea that the reasoning lies outside the individual, helping explain their behavior in a socially acceptable or externally influenced manner.