What is characteristic of downward social comparison?

Downward social comparison is characterized by comparing oneself to individuals who are perceived to be less successful, less capable, or in a worse position. This type of comparison can lead to increased feelings of superiority, as individuals often feel better about their own situation when they see others who are worse off. This mechanism serves to enhance one's self-esteem and provide a sense of reassurance in one's own accomplishments and abilities.

The other options describe different aspects of social comparison that do not align with the essence of downward social comparison. For instance, comparing oneself to those who exceed one's abilities relates to upward social comparison, which can sometimes diminish self-esteem rather than boost it. Establishing a standard for self-improvement suggests a motivational aspect often associated with upward comparisons. Lastly, focusing on learning from the successes of others emphasizes emulation and aspiration, which contrasts with the self-enhancing nature of downward social comparison.