What type of research design is utilized to identify cause-and-effect relationships?

The correct answer is experimental research. This type of research design is specifically structured to determine cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating independent variables and observing the effects on dependent variables. In an experiment, researchers can control various factors in a controlled environment, allowing them to isolate the effects of one variable on another. This manipulation and control are essential for establishing a causal link between variables.

For example, if researchers want to assess the impact of a specific treatment on anxiety levels, they can randomly assign participants to either a treatment group or a control group. By comparing the outcomes between these groups, the researchers can draw conclusions about the effectiveness of the treatment in causing a change in anxiety levels.

In contrast, observational research tends to gather data without manipulation, simply observing participants in their natural environment without intervention. Correlational research assesses the relationship between two variables but does not establish causation, as it does not involve controlled experimentation. Qualitative research focuses on understanding human behavior and experiences through non-numerical data, lacking the structured approach necessary for identifying causal relationships. Thus, experimental research stands out as the method best suited for uncovering cause-and-effect dynamics.