Which of the following methods would be least effective for attitude change according to the models discussed?

The least effective method for attitude change, based on the models discussed, is subtle subliminal messages. Research indicates that while subliminal messages can occasionally influence behavior, their effectiveness in creating significant or lasting attitude change is generally minimal. Most individuals process information consciously and cannot adequately respond to subliminal cues, leading to a lack of deep engagement with or contemplation about the message being conveyed.

In contrast, methods such as fear-arousing communication, direct argumentation, and establishing causal relationships are more effective because they engage individuals' cognitive processes more thoroughly. Fear-arousing communications can motivate people to change their attitudes if they perceive a significant threat and believe that the recommended response will effectively address that threat. Direct argumentation provides clear reasoning and persuasive information, allowing individuals to evaluate and possibly change their attitudes based on rational thought. Causal relationships help individuals understand the connection between an issue and its consequences, promoting more profound understanding and attitude adjustment.